19th Century Philosophy

Philosophers working outside the German Idealist mainstream in the nineteenth century. Gathers the American Transcendentalist movement that built its own metaphysics of nature, the individual soul and self-reliance out of Romantic and Eastern influences, an American philosopher of idealism who extended this native tradition into systematic metaphysics, the Austrian founder of object theory who challenged what could be said to exist independent of being real, German materialists who opposed idealist metaphysics from the opposite direction, and philosophers active at the century's close whose own work and influence bridge into twentieth century philosophy.