Home›Philosophers›Branch of Philosophy›EthicsBranches of PhilosophyEthicsAlso Known As Moral PhilosophyEthicsReference and ClassificationDevelopingThe branch of philosophy concerned with how one ought to live and act, and with what makes an action right or a life good. Three broad families of answer have dominated the Western tradition: virtue ethics, associated with Aristotle, which asks what character traits make a person excellent and treats right action as what a virtuous person would do; deontological ethics, associated with Kant, which grounds rightness in duty and in principles that could be willed as universal law regardless of consequences; and consequentialism, most fully developed as utilitarianism by Bentham and Mill, which judges an action by the balance of good and harm it produces. Ethics also covers metaethical questions about whether moral claims can be true at all, and applied questions about specific practical dilemmas, but the founding question, how should one live, is Socrates' own, asked in nearly every dialogue Plato wrote.FactsEthicsFAQsConnectionsIn the Other AtlasesSourcesDissenting Readings (1 dissenting reading)Comments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsDisputedKey DebateScholarly debateConsequentialism versus deontology, sharpened by the trolley problem: whether the rightness of an action is fixed entirely by its consequences, as consequentialists hold, or by duties and rules that can forbid an act even when it produces the best outcome, as deontologists hold, with trolley cases used to test the two views against shared intuitions. 1The trolley problem and its variants have been used since Philippa Foot and Judith Jarvis Thomson to sharpen, without settling, the older dispute between consequentialist and deontological ethics.Key DebateScholarly debateWhether morality is discovered or made: the Socratic tradition treats the good as an objective target reason can pursue through examined dialogue, while Nietzsche treats inherited morality as a historically contingent human invention, open to revaluation rather than discovery. 2A third position denies both horns: J.L. Mackie's error theory holds that ordinary moral discourse commits speakers to objective values and objective prescriptions, but that no such objective moral facts exist at all, so moral claims are not so much discovered, made, or revalued as systematically false; see the attached dissent.Central QuestionWell-attestedHow should one live, and what makes an action right or a character good? 1Key DebateWell-attestedThe is-ought problem: David Hume observed that moral writers slide, unnoticed, from statements of what is the case to statements of what ought to be the case, a transition he found could not be validly made from facts alone, since the distinction of vice and virtue is not perceived by reason or founded merely on the relations of objects; whether any such gap between fact and value can be bridged remains a live question in metaethics. 1EthicsFilter Results130 entriesMovementAll19th Century Philosophy (3)African Epistemology (2)African Ethics (5)African Political Thought 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ScanlonEthicsTadeusz KotarbinskiEthicsTheophrastusEthicsWalda HeywatEthicsWatsuji TetsuroEthicsWillie EsterhuyseEthicsXunziEthicsYi IEthicsZeno of CitiumEthicsZera YacobEthicsZerahiah the GreekEthicsFAQsWhat is the is-ought problem, and why does it matter for ethics?David Hume pointed out that moral writers often slide from statements about what is the case to statements about what ought to be the case without justifying the move, and whether that gap between fact and value can ever be closed is still debated.David Hume observed that moral writers slide, often unnoticed, from statements of what is the case to statements of what ought to be the case, a transition he argued could not be validly made from facts alone, since the distinction between vice and virtue is not perceived by reason or founded merely on the relations between objects. Whether any such gap between fact and value can be bridged remains a live question in metaethics, and it is one of the reasons some philosophers doubt that ethical conclusions can ever be derived from purely factual premises.ConnectionsAssociated WithAristotle, Philosophers Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Bioethics, Branches of Philosophy Well-attested Source Bioethics (Wikipedia)tier 3Environmental Philosophy, Branches of Philosophy Well-attested Source Environmental Philosophy (Wikipedia)tier 3Immanuel Kant, Philosophers Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Jeremy Bentham, Philosophers Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Philosophy of Sport, Branches of Philosophy Well-attested Source Philosophy of Sport (Wikipedia)tier 3Socrates, Philosophers Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1IncludesAbsurdism, Schools of Philosophy Well-attested Adriaan Theodoor Peperzak, Philosophers Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Adriaan Theodoor Peperzaktier 2Alasdair MacIntyre, Philosophers Well-attested Source Alasdair MacIntyre (Wikipedia)tier 2Albert Camus, Philosophers Well-attested The Rebel is a moral philosophy of revolt and its limits.Source Albert Camus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)Albertus Magnus, Philosophers Well-attested Source Albertus Magnus (Wikipedia)tier 3Al-Kindi, Philosophers Well-attested Source Al-Kindi (Wikipedia)tier 3Allan Gibbard, Philosophers Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Allan GibbardAntisthenes, Philosophers Well-attested Source Antisthenes (Wikipedia)tier 3Antonio Escohotado, Philosophers Well-attested Source Antonio Escohotado, WikipediaArgument from Marginal Cases, Arguments and Positions Well-attested Source Argument from Marginal Cases (Wikipedia)tier 3Aristotle, Philosophers Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Avital Ronell, Philosophers Well-attested Source Avital Ronell, WikipediaAxel Hagerstrom, Philosophers Well-attested Source Encyclopedia.com (Columbia Encyclopedia): Hagerstrom, AxelAxel Honneth, Philosophers Well-attested Source Axel Honneth (Wikipedia)tier 3Bad Faith, Concepts Well-attested Source Jean-Paul Sartre (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)Baruch Spinoza, Philosophers Well-attested bell hooks, Philosophers Well-attested Source bell hooks (Wikipedia)tier 3Benjamin Hale, Philosophers Well-attested Source Benjamin Hale (Wikipedia)Bernard Williams, Philosophers Well-attested Source Bernard Williams (Wikipedia)tier 2Carneades, Philosophers Well-attested Source Carneades (Wikipedia)tier 3Categorical Imperative, Arguments and Positions Well-attested Source Categorical Imperative (Wikipedia)tier 3Cheng Yi, Philosophers Well-attested Source Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Cheng YiChristine Korsgaard, Philosophers Well-attested Source Christine Korsgaard (Wikipedia)Christopher Cordner, Philosophers Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Christopher Cordnertier 2Chrysippus, Philosophers Well-attested Cicero, Philosophers Well-attested Source Cicero (Wikipedia)tier 3Confucianism, Schools of Philosophy Well-attested Source Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Confucius, Philosophers Well-attested Source Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Cornel West, Philosophers Well-attested Source Cornel West (Wikipedia)tier 2Cynicism, Schools of Philosophy Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1David Hume, Philosophers Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1David Lewis, Philosophers Well-attested Source David Lewis (philosopher) (Wikipedia)tier 2David Rodin, Philosophers Well-attested Source Wikipedia: David Rodintier 2Deontology, Schools of Philosophy Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Derek Parfit, Philosophers Well-attested Source Derek Parfit (Wikipedia)tier 2Didier Kaphagawani, Philosophers Well-attested Source Didier Kaphagawani (Wikipedia)Diogenes of Sinope, Philosophers Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Dirk Baltzly, Philosophers Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Dirk Baltzlytier 2Divine Command Theory, Arguments and Positions Well-attested Source Divine command theory (Wikipedia)tier 3Doctrine of Double Effect, Arguments and Positions Well-attested Source Principle of double effect (Wikipedia)Donna Haraway, Philosophers Well-attested Source Donna Haraway (Wikipedia)tier 3Elizabeth Anscombe, Philosophers Well-attested Source Elizabeth Anscombe (Wikipedia)tier 2Emmanuel Levinas, Philosophers Well-attested Source Emmanuel Levinas (Wikipedia)tier 2Enrique Dussel, Philosophers Well-attested Source Enrique Dussel (Wikipedia)Epictetus, Philosophers Well-attested Epicureanism, Schools of Philosophy Well-attested Epicurus, Philosophers Well-attested Etienne Vermeersch, Philosophers Well-attested Source Etienne Vermeersch, WikipediaEva Dadlez, Philosophers Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Eva Dadleztier 2Evolutionary Debunking Argument, Arguments and Positions Well-attested Source Evolutionary debunking (Wikipedia)Showing 1 to 50 of 162 in Includes, page 1 of 4.1234Next →In the Other AtlasesDiscussesCultural RelativismAlso in Society and Culture Atlas: which this subject discusses.Source Wikipedia: Cultural Relativismtier 3Sources1. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Stanford University, Center for the Study of Language and Informations.v. Ethicsentry: Socratess.v. Doing vs. Allowing Harmentry: Hume's Moral Philosophy, Section 5 Is and OughtAttention to this transition would 'subvert all the vulgar systems of morality, and let us see, that the distinction of vice and virtue is not founded merely on the relations of objects, nor is perceiv'd by reason.'Includes: AristotleIncludes: Immanuel KantIncludes: David HumeIncludes: Simone de BeauvoirIncludes: Jeremy BenthamIncludes: UtilitarianismIncludes: ExistentialismIncludes: The Nicomachean EthicsIncludes: The Categorical ImperativeIncludes: SocratesIncludes: Friedrich NietzscheIncludes: Thus Spoke ZarathustraAssociated With: Aristotle, entry: Aristotle's EthicsAssociated With: Immanuel Kant, entry: Kant's Moral PhilosophyAssociated With: Jeremy Bentham, entry: ConsequentialismIncludes: CynicismIncludes: Diogenes of SinopeIncludes: The AnalectsIncludes: Self-RelianceIncludes: The Conduct of LifeIncludes: Mohism, entry: Mohism, IntroductionThey were the first in the tradition to engage, like Socrates in ancient Greece, in an explicit, reflective search for objective moral standards and to give step-by-step, tightly reasoned arguments for their views.Includes: Virtue Ethics, entry: Virtue Ethics, IntroductionVirtue ethics is currently one of three major approaches in normative ethics.Includes: Deontology, entry: Deontological Ethics, IntroductionIn contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or permitted.View the Source2. Moral Anti-Realism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophySection 3.2Quote, Section 3.2John Mackie...argues that when we participate in moral discourse we commit ourselves to the existence of objective values and objective prescriptions, but there are no such things.View the SourceEthics (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIntroductionQuote, IntroductionEthics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena. Also called moral philosophy, it investigates normative questions about what people ought to do or which behavior is morally right.View the SourceInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Includes: ConfuciusIncludes: Zeno of CitiumIncludes: StoicismIncludes: ConfucianismView the SourceJean-Paul Sartre (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Jean-Paul SartreIncludes: Bad FaithView the SourceAlbert Camus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Albert CamusView the SourceTrolley Problem (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: The Trolley Problem, IntroductionQuote, Includes: The Trolley Problem, IntroductionThe series usually begins with a scenario in which a runaway trolley (tram) or train is on course to collide with and kill a number of people.View the SourceEnvironmental Philosophy (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaAssociated With: Environmental Philosophy, Lead sectionQuote, Associated With: Environmental Philosophy, Lead sectionEnvironmental philosophy includes environmental ethics, environmental aesthetics, ecofeminism, environmental hermeneutics, and environmental theology.View the SourcePhilosophy of Sport (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaAssociated With: Philosophy of Sport, Lead sectionQuote, Associated With: Philosophy of Sport, Lead sectionThese issues cover many areas, but fall primarily into five philosophical categories: metaphysics, ethics and moral philosophy, philosophy of law, political philosophy and aesthetics.View the SourceBioethics (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaAssociated With: Bioethics, Lead sectionQuote, Associated With: Bioethics, Lead sectionBioethics is both a field of study and professional practice, interested in ethical issues related to healthView the SourceIs-Ought Problem (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Is-Ought Problem, Lead sectionIt was first articulated by the 18th-century Scottish philosopher David Hume, who saw a significant difference between descriptive statements (about what is) and prescriptive statements (about what ought to be).Includes: Is-Ought Problem, LeadThe is-ought problem is the question of whether moral statements about what ought to be can be inferred from objective statements about what is.View the SourceJohn Dewey (Wikipedia)Includes: John Dewey, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: John Dewey, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of education, epistemology, journalism, ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, metaphysicsView the SourceWikipedia: Mozitier 2WikipediaIncludes: Mozi, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Mozi, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, social and political philosophy, logic, epistemologyView the SourceJudith Butler (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Judith Butler, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Judith Butler, Infobox: main_interestsFeminist theory, political philosophy, ethics, psychoanalysis, phenomenology (philosophy), phenomenology, discourse, embodied cognition, embodiment, sexuality, gender studies, Jewish philosophyView the SourceMichel de Montaigne (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Michel de Montaigne, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Michel de Montaigne, Infobox: main_interestsChristianity, classical studies, ethics, human nature, pedagogy, philosophy of science, poetry, political history, sociability, virtueView the SourcePeter Singer (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Peter Singer, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Peter Singer, Infobox: main_interestsApplied ethics, BioethicsView the SourceLucretius (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Lucretius, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Lucretius, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, metaphysics, natural philosophy, atomic theoryView the SourceGeorge Santayana (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: George Santayana, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: George Santayana, Infobox: main_interestsMoral philosophy, political philosophy, epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of religionView the SourceCornel West (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Cornel West, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Cornel West, Infobox: main_interestsPolitical philosophy, philosophy of religion, ethics, race (classification of human beings), race, caste, democracy, liberation theologyView the SourceMartha Nussbaum (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Martha Nussbaum, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Martha Nussbaum, Infobox: main_interestsPolitical philosophy, ethics, feminism, liberal theoryView the SourceAlasdair MacIntyre (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Alasdair MacIntyre, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Alasdair MacIntyre, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, metaethics, history of ethics, social philosophy, political philosophyView the SourceProtagoras (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Protagoras, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Protagoras, Infobox: main_interestsLanguage, semantics, rhetoric, agnosticism, ethicsView the SourceJosiah Royce (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Josiah Royce, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Josiah Royce, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, philosophy of religion, metaphysicsView the SourceElizabeth Anscombe (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Elizabeth Anscombe, LeadShe wrote on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of action, philosophical logic, philosophy of language, and ethics.Includes: G.E.M. Anscombe, LeadShe wrote on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of action, philosophical logic, philosophy of language, and ethics.View the SourceWatsuji Tetsuro (Wikipedia)WikipediaIncludes: Watsuji Tetsuro, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Watsuji Tetsuro, Infobox: main_interestsAesthetics, ethics, culture, religionView the SourceEnrique Dussel (Wikipedia)WikipediaIncludes: Enrique Dussel, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Enrique Dussel, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of liberation, ethics, political economy, theology, historyView the SourcePhilippa Foot (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Philippa Foot, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Philippa Foot, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, aestheticsView the SourceDerek Parfit (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Derek Parfit, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Derek Parfit, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, personal identity, rationality, philosophy of mindView the SourceJudith Jarvis Thomson (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Judith Jarvis Thomson, LeadQuote, Includes: Judith Jarvis Thomson, LeadJudith Jarvis Thomson (October 4, 1929, November 20, 2020) was an American philosopher who studied and worked on ethics and metaphysics.View the SourceJ.L. Austin (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: J.L. Austin, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: J.L. Austin, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of language, philosophy of mind, ethics, philosophy of perceptionView the SourcePaul Ricoeur (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Paul Ricoeur, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Paul Ricoeur, Infobox: main_interestsPhenomenology Hermeneutics Philosophy of action Moral philosophy Political philosophy Philosophy of language Personal identity Narrative identity Historiography Literary criticism Ancient philosophyView the SourceEmmanuel Levinas (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Emmanuel Levinas, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Emmanuel Levinas, Infobox: main_interestsEthicsmetaphysicsontologyTalmudtheologyView the SourceMichael Sandel (Wikipedia)WikipediaIncludes: Michael Sandel, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Michael Sandel, Infobox: main_interestsPolitical philosophy, jurisprudence, ethicsView the SourceDavid Lewis (philosopher) (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: David Lewis, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: David Lewis, Infobox: main_interestsLogicPhilosophy of languageMetaphysics EpistemologyEthicsView the SourceT. M. Scanlon (Wikipedia)WikipediaIncludes: T.M. Scanlon, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: T.M. Scanlon, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, political philosophyView the SourceChristine Korsgaard (Wikipedia)WikipediaIncludes: Christine Korsgaard, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Christine Korsgaard, Infobox: main_interestsMoral philosophyKantianismView the SourceAxel Honneth (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Axel Honneth, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Axel Honneth, Infobox: main_interestsPolitical philosophy, Social philosophy, Moral philosophy, Critical theory, Recognition (sociology), RecognitionView the SourceNel Noddings (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Nel Noddings, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Nel Noddings, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of education, ethicsView the SourcePythagoras (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikipedia (Wikimedia Foundation)Includes: Pythagoras, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Pythagoras, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, Mathematics, Metaphysics, Music theory, Mysticism, Politics, ReligionView the SourceKaṇāda (Wikipedia)Includes: Kanada, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Kanada, Infobox: main_interests:Metaphysics :Ethics :PhysicsView the SourceIsaiah Berlin (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Isaiah Berlin, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Isaiah Berlin, Infobox: main_interestsPolitical philosophy, philosophy of history, history of ideas, ethics, Marxism, modern history, Russian history, Russian literature, RomanticismView the SourceAl-Kindi (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Al-Kindi, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Al-Kindi, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy, Islamic theology (kalam), logic, ethics, mathematics, cryptography, physics, chemistry, psychology, pharmacology, medicine, metaphysics, cosmology, astrology, music theoryView the SourceCicero (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Cicero, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Cicero, Infobox: main_interestsPolitical philosophy, Politics, Philosophy of law, law, rhetoric, theology, ethics, epistemologyView the SourceDonna Haraway (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Donna Haraway, LeadQuote, Includes: Donna Haraway, LeadHer work criticizes anthropocentrism, emphasizes the self-organizing powers of nonhuman processes, and explores dissonant relations between those processes and cultural practices, rethinking sources of ethics.View the SourceHenry Sidgwick (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Henry Sidgwick, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Henry Sidgwick, Infobox: main_interestsEconomics, ethics, political philosophyView the SourceCarneades (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Carneades, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Carneades, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemology, ethicsView the SourceGabriel Marcel (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Gabriel Marcel, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Gabriel Marcel, Infobox: main_interestsOntology, subjectivity, ethicsView the SourceTheophrastus (Wikipedia)Includes: Theophrastus, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Theophrastus, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, grammar, history, logic, metaphysics, natural history, physics, botanyView the SourceAntisthenes (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Antisthenes, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Antisthenes, Infobox: main_interestsAsceticism, ethics, language, literature, logicView the SourceFrank Cameron Jackson, WikipediaIncludes: Frank Jackson, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Frank Jackson, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of mind, epistemology, metaphysics, meta-ethicsView the SourcePietro Pomponazzi, WikipediaIncludes: Pietro Pomponazzi, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Pietro Pomponazzi, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of mind, Natural philosophy, Ethics, AristotelianismView the SourceWikipedia: J. L. MackieIncludes: J.L. Mackie, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: J.L. Mackie, Infobox: main_interestsMetaphysics, philosophy of language, ethics, philosophy of religionView the SourceWikipedia: Allan GibbardIncludes: Allan Gibbard, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Allan Gibbard, Infobox: main_interestsMeta-ethics, social choice theoryView the SourceWikipedia: Simon BlackburnIncludes: Simon Blackburn, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Simon Blackburn, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, truth theory, philosophy of languageView the SourceWikipedia: R. M. HareIncludes: R.M. Hare, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: R.M. Hare, Infobox: main_interestsMoral philosophy, political philosophyView the SourceWikipedia: Peter RailtonIncludes: Peter Railton, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Peter Railton, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, philosophy of scienceView the SourceKocc Barma Fall (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Kocc Barma Fall, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Kocc Barma Fall, Infobox: main_interestsethics, politics and societyView the SourceWalda Heywat, WikipediaIncludes: Walda Heywat, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Walda Heywat, Infobox: main_interestsReason, ethics, religionView the SourceZera Yacob (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Zera Yacob, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Zera Yacob, Infobox: main_interestsReason, ethics, religious toleranceView the SourceWikipedia: Samuel RamosIncludes: Samuel Ramos, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Samuel Ramos, Infobox: main_interestsIdentityMetaphysics EpistemologyEthicsView the SourceWikipedia: Zerahiah the GreekIncludes: Zerahiah the Greek, LeadQuote, Includes: Zerahiah the Greek, LeadRabbi Zerachiah the Greek (in Hebrew, Zerachiah ha-Yavani or ha-Yewani; sometimes known by the acronymistic nickname "Ra'Za'H") was a Greek-Jewish ethicist who resided in the Byzantine Empire in the thirteenth or fourteenth century.View the SourceWikipedia: Tadeusz KotarbinskiIncludes: Tadeusz Kotarbinski, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Tadeusz Kotarbinski, Infobox: main_interestsOntology, formal logic, ethics, praxeologyView the SourceWikipedia: MiskawayhIncludes: Miskawayh, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Miskawayh, Infobox: main_interestsHistory, Theology, medicine, ethics and philosophyView the SourceJohn McDowell (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: John McDowell, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: John McDowell, Infobox: main_interestsMetaphysics, epistemology, logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of perception, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind, ethics, meta-ethicsView the SourceWikipedia: Mikhail BakhtinIncludes: Mikhail Bakhtin, LeadQuote, Includes: Mikhail Bakhtin, LeadMikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin (; Russian: Михаи́л Миха́йлович Бахти́н, IPA: [mʲɪxɐˈil mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪdʑ bɐxˈtʲin]; 16 November [O.S. 4 November] 1895-7 March 1975) was a Russian philosopher and literary critic who worked on the philosophy of language, ethics, and literary theory.View the SourceGianni Vattimo - WikipediaIncludes: Gianni Vattimo, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Gianni Vattimo, Infobox: main_interestsEthics Political philosophyView the SourceAvital Ronell, WikipediaIncludes: Avital Ronell, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Avital Ronell, Infobox: main_interestsAddiction, deficiency, dictation, disappearance of authority, disease, drugs, excessive force, ethics, legal subjects, rumor, stupidity, technology, telephony, tests, trauma, warView the SourceAntonio Escohotado, WikipediaIncludes: Antonio Escohotado, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Antonio Escohotado, Infobox: main_interestsLiberalism, metaphysics, culture, ethics, freedom, history of communism, sociology, drugs, politics, dialectic, Marxism, fractal, drug liberalization, history of commerce, political philosophy, history of slavery, lawView the SourceJesús Padilla Gálvez, WikipediaIncludes: Jesús Padilla Gálvez, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Jesús Padilla Gálvez, Infobox: main_interestsLogic, ontology, epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, ethics.View the SourceEtienne Vermeersch, WikipediaIncludes: Etienne Vermeersch, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Etienne Vermeersch, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of science, History of philosophy, History of Christianity, Bioethics, Environmental philosophy, Moral philosophy, cultural criticismView the SourceJohn Anderson (philosopher) (Wikipedia)Includes: John Anderson, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: John Anderson, Infobox: main_interestsPolitical philosophy, ethics, philosophy of sexuality, philosophy of religionView the SourceWikipedia: Nick Zangwilltier 2WikipediaIncludes: Nick Zangwill, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Nick Zangwill, Infobox: main_interestsAesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of logic, meta-ethicsView the SourceWikipedia: John Corvinotier 2WikipediaIncludes: John Corvino, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: John Corvino, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, applied ethics, LGBT studies, early modern philosophy, David HumeView the SourceWikipedia: H. J. McCloskeytier 2WikipediaIncludes: H. J. McCloskey, LeadQuote, Includes: H. J. McCloskey, LeadHenry John McCloskey (1925-2000) was an Australian moral philosopher and writer.View the SourceWikipedia: Adriaan Theodoor Peperzaktier 2WikipediaIncludes: Adriaan Theodoor Peperzak, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Adriaan Theodoor Peperzak, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, Christian philosophy, philosophy of Hegel and Emmanuel LevinasView the SourceWikipedia: Neera K. Badhwartier 2WikipediaIncludes: Neera K. Badhwar, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Neera K. Badhwar, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, political philosophyView the SourceSamantha Vice (Wikipedia)Includes: Samantha Vice, LeadQuote, Includes: Samantha Vice, LeadHer areas of specialisation are ethics and social philosophy, and she is especially well known for her work on the existential and moral philosophy of race.View the SourceWikipedia: Simon Hailwoodtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Simon Hailwood, LeadQuote, Includes: Simon Hailwood, LeadSimon Hailwood is a British philosopher whose research concerns moral philosophy, political philosophy, environmental philosophy, environmental ethics, political realism, and pragmatism.View the SourceJoseph Agbakoba (Wikipedia)Includes: Joseph Agbakoba, LeadQuote, Includes: Joseph Agbakoba, LeadHe is best known for his work around development philosophy and ethics for Africa, and his association with reasonabilism, Afro-constructivism, transcolonial theory, and Africanity as creative self-manifestive identity, among other concepts in contemporary African thought.View the SourceHans-Martin Sass (Wikipedia)Includes: Hans-Martin Sass, LeadQuote, Includes: Hans-Martin Sass, LeadHans-Martin Sass (4 December 1935, February 6, 2023) was a bioethicist.View the SourceDidier Kaphagawani (Wikipedia)Includes: Didier Kaphagawani, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Didier Kaphagawani, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemology, Metaphysics, EthicsView the SourceWikipedia: Christopher Cordnertier 2WikipediaIncludes: Christopher Cordner, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Christopher Cordner, Infobox: main_interestsethicsView the SourceWikipedia: Eva Dadleztier 2WikipediaIncludes: Eva Dadlez, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Eva Dadlez, Infobox: main_interestsaesthetics, ethics, philosophy of fictionView the SourceRobyn Bluhm (Wikipedia)Includes: Robyn Bluhm, LeadQuote, Includes: Robyn Bluhm, LeadRobyn Bluhm (born 1969), is associate professor at the Department of Philosophy and Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, as well as a member of The NeuroGenderings Network, a group which promotes "neurofeminism". She is the current joint editor of the IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to BioethicsView the SourceMpho Tshivhase (Wikipedia)Includes: Mpho Tshivhase, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Mpho Tshivhase, Infobox: main_interestsAfrican philosophy, applied ethics, philosophy of psychologyView the SourceWillie Esterhuyse (Wikipedia)Includes: Willie Esterhuyse, LeadQuote, Includes: Willie Esterhuyse, LeadWillem Petrus "Willie" Esterhuyse, OLS (born 19 August 1936) is an emeritus professor of philosophy and business ethics at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, a columnist and critic of apartheid.View the SourceStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Ralph Waldo EmersonStanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Ralph Waldo Emerson, AbstractQuote, Includes: Ralph Waldo Emerson, AbstractEmerson developed a metaphysics of process, an epistemology of moods, and an “existentialist” ethics of self-improvement.View the SourceWikipedia: Henry David Thoreautier 2WikipediaIncludes: Henry David Thoreau, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Henry David Thoreau, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, poetry, religion, politics, biology, philosophy, historyView the SourceStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Iris MurdochStanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Iris Murdoch, AbstractQuote, Includes: Iris Murdoch, AbstractIris Murdoch (1919-1999) was a prominent British philosopher of the second half of the 20 th century, best known for her moral philosophy.View the SourceGaudapada (Wikipedia)WikipediaIncludes: Gaudapada, Page categories: ConsequentialistsView the SourceBernard Williams (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Bernard Williams, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Bernard Williams, Infobox: main_interestsEthicsView the SourceNasir al-Din al-Tusi (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Page categories: Iranian ethicistsView the SourceAlbertus Magnus (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Albertus Magnus, Page categories: Natural law ethicistsView the SourceShantideva - WikipediaIncludes: Shantideva, Page categories: ConsequentialistsView the SourceHenry Odera Oruka (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Henry Odera Oruka, Page categories: Kenyan ethicistsView the SourceMotsamai Molefe (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Motsamai Molefe, LeadQuote, Includes: Motsamai Molefe, LeadMotsamai Molefe is a South African philosopher, one of the thinkers to have popularised African philosophy, and specifically Applied Ethics in context of Ubuntu philosophy.View the SourceWikipedia: Jose Ferrater MoraIncludes: Jose Ferrater Mora, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Jose Ferrater Mora, Infobox: main_interestsApplied ethics, animal ethics, metaphysicsView the Sourcebell hooks (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: bell hooks, Page categories: American ethicistsView the SourceWikipedia: Samantha Brennantier 2WikipediaIncludes: Samantha Brennan, Page categories: Canadian ethicistsView the SourceWikipedia: Per Bauhntier 2WikipediaIncludes: Per Bauhn, LeadQuote, Includes: Per Bauhn, LeadHis main research interests include ethics and political philosophy, but also aesthetics.View the SourceWikipedia: David Rodintier 2WikipediaIncludes: David Rodin, Page categories: New Zealand ethicistsView the SourceWikipedia: Henry David Aikentier 2WikipediaIncludes: Henry David Aiken, Page categories: American ethicistsView the SourceWikipedia: Jean-Godefroy Bidimatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Jean-Godefroy Bidima, LeadQuote, Includes: Jean-Godefroy Bidima, LeadHis fields of interest are cited as " Continental philosophy, literatures and arts of the Francophone world, African philosophies, juridical anthropology and medical ethics".View the SourceWikipedia: Dirk Baltzlytier 2WikipediaIncludes: Dirk Baltzly, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Dirk Baltzly, Infobox: main_interestsvirtue ethicsView the SourceBenjamin Hale (Wikipedia)Includes: Benjamin Hale, LeadQuote, Includes: Benjamin Hale, LeadBenjamin S. Hale (born 1972) is an environmental philosopher and ethicist at the University of Colorado Boulder.View the SourceCategorical Imperative (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Categorical Imperative, LeadQuote, Includes: Categorical Imperative, LeadThe categorical imperative (German: Kategorischer Imperativ) is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant.View the SourceDivine command theory (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Divine Command Theory, LeadQuote, Includes: Divine Command Theory, LeadDivine command theory (also known as theological voluntarism) is a meta-ethical theory which proposes that an action's status as morally good is equivalent to whether it is commanded by God.View the SourceArgument from Marginal Cases (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Argument from Marginal Cases, LeadQuote, Includes: Argument from Marginal Cases, LeadThe argument from marginal cases (also known as the argument from species overlap) is a philosophical argument within animal rights theory regarding the moral status of non-human animals.View the SourceEvolutionary debunking (Wikipedia)Includes: Evolutionary Debunking Argument, LeadQuote, Includes: Evolutionary Debunking Argument, Leadthat, because humans (like all organisms) have an evolutionary origin, the principles of ethics and morality that we have devised are invalid and cannot be considered objective knowledge.View the SourceUtility Monster (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Utility Monster, LeadQuote, Includes: Utility Monster, LeadThe utility monster is a thought experiment in the study of ethics created by philosopher Robert Nozick in 1974 as a criticism of utilitarianism.View the SourcePrinciple of double effect (Wikipedia)Includes: Doctrine of Double Effect, LeadQuote, Includes: Doctrine of Double Effect, LeadThe principle of double effect is a set of ethical criteria which Christian philosophers have advocated for evaluating the permissibility of acting when one's otherwiseView the SourceYi I - WikipediaIncludes: Yi I, Article textQuote, Includes: Yi I, Article textThe Essentials of the Studies of the Sages (성학집요; 聖學輯要) - Fundamentals of Confucian ethics, self-cultivation and statecraft.View the SourceWikipedia: Rhina Toruño Haenslytier 2WikipediaIncludes: Rhina Toruño Haensly, Article textQuote, Includes: Rhina Toruño Haensly, Article textbelow.) She taught courses in modern philosophy, existentialism, contemporary French philosophy, ethics, and social and political philosophy.View the SourceHarry Frankfurt (Wikipedia)Includes: Harry Frankfurt, Page categories: American ethicistsView the SourceNgamen Kouassi Cyrille Dalex (Wikipedia)Includes: Ngamen Kouassi Cyrille Dalex, LeadQuote, Includes: Ngamen Kouassi Cyrille Dalex, LeadNgamen, a professor of philosophy, has specialty in Ethics, Social and Political Philosophy.View the SourceRichard Joyce (philosopher) (Wikipedia)Includes: Richard Joyce, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Richard Joyce, Infobox: main_interestsMeta-ethics Moral psychologyView the SourceSharon Street (Wikipedia)Includes: Sharon Street, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Sharon Street, Infobox: main_interestsMetaethics, normative ethicsView the SourceUbuntu Philosophy (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Ubuntu Philosophy, OverviewQuote, Includes: Ubuntu Philosophy, OverviewIn South Africa, it has come to be used as a contested term for a kind of humanist philosophy, ethic, or ideology, also termed Ubuntuism propagated in the Africanisation (transition to majority rule) process of these countries during the 1980s and 1990s.View the SourceStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Justus LipsiusStanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Justus Lipsius, Introduction, moral philosophyQuote, Includes: Justus Lipsius, Introduction, moral philosophyLipsius’s lifelong project was to transform contemporary moral philosophy through a new reading of the Roman Stoic philosopher Seneca, while also revitalizing contemporary political practice by drawing on the insights provided by the Roman historian Tacitus.View the SourceInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Cheng YiInternet Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Cheng Yi, Opening summary, moral cultivationQuote, Includes: Cheng Yi, Opening summary, moral cultivationThe way of moral cultivation for Cheng Yi is through composure and extension of knowledge which is a gradual way towards sagehood.View the SourceEncyclopedia.com (Columbia Encyclopedia): Hagerstrom, AxelEncyclopedia.com (Columbia Encyclopedia)Includes: Axel Hagerstrom, Late career, philosophy of moralsQuote, Includes: Axel Hagerstrom, Late career, philosophy of moralsNear the end of his career Hägerstrom's interest was in practical philosophy, particularly the philosophy of morals, religion, and law.View the SourceDissenting Readings (1 dissenting reading)Key DebateOrdinary moral discourse commits speakers to the existence of objective values and objective prescriptions, reasons for action that would bind regardless of any agent's desires, but no such objective moral facts exist. Such properties would be metaphysically queer, unlike anything else in a naturalistic world, and our capacity to know them would be equally mysterious. Moral judgments are therefore not correctly analyzed as either the Socratic discovery of an objective good or a Nietzschean invention open to revaluation; they are, on this error theory, systematically and uniformly false, even though speakers do not intend or realize this when they make them.A dissenting reading, from an independent laneMoral Anti-Realism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.