Schools and movements whose defining doctrine concerns the fundamental nature of reality, being, mind and world. Belongs here: idealist, materialist, monist and dualist systems, and the major Vedanta and Daoist metaphysical schools, together with Scholasticism and Neoplatonism whose organizing questions are chiefly ontological and theological, and Phenomenology, whose founding question of being makes it a metaphysical movement even though it also shaped philosophy of mind. Does not belong here: schools organized chiefly around a theory of knowledge, grouped under Epistemology, or of the state, grouped under Political Philosophy.
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1. Metaphysics (Wikipedia)
WikipediaMetaphysics, lead section, Greek emergence sentence
In ancient Greece, metaphysics emerged in the 6th century BCE with the pre-Socratic philosophers, who gave rational explanations of the cosmos as a whole.
Metaphysics, lead section, Indian origin sentence
In ancient India, starting in the 7th century BCE, the Upanishads were written as religious and philosophical texts that examine how ultimate reality constitutes the ground of all being.
Metaphysics, lead section, Chinese origin sentence
At about the same time in ancient China, the school of Taoism was formed and explored the natural order of the universe.
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