Home›Philosophers›Branch of Philosophy›EpistemologyBranches of PhilosophyEpistemologyih-pis-tuh-MOL-uh-jeeAlso Known As Theory of KnowledgeEpistemologyReference and ClassificationDevelopingThe branch of philosophy that studies knowledge itself: what it is, how it differs from mere belief, and how, if at all, it can be justified. The classical analysis treats knowledge as justified true belief, a formula traced to Plato's Theaetetus, though Edmund Gettier's 1963 counterexamples showed that justified true belief can still fall short of knowledge, opening a live debate over what a fourth condition would have to add. Epistemology also asks where knowledge comes from: rationalists such as Descartes held that reason alone can establish some truths, while empiricists such as Locke and Hume held that all substantive knowledge of the world must ultimately trace back to sense experience. Scepticism, the challenge that we may know far less than we assume, runs through the branch from Pyrrho to Descartes' own methodical doubt.FactsEpistemologyFAQsConnectionsSourcesOpen Questions (3 open questions)Dissenting Readings (2 dissenting readings)Take a Related QuizComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsDisputedKey DebateScholarly debateInternalism versus externalism about justification: internalists hold that what justifies a belief must be accessible from within the believer's own perspective, on reflection alone, while externalists such as reliabilists hold that a belief can be justified by standing in a reliable relation to the world, such as ordinary perception, that the believer need not be aware of at all. 1Whether justification is a matter of the believer's own accessible reasons or can be conferred by a reliable process the believer need not be aware of divides epistemologists into internalist and externalist camps.Key DebateScholarly debateThe Gettier problem: Edmund Gettier's 1963 counterexamples showed that a belief can be justified and true purely by luck without amounting to knowledge, so justified true belief is not sufficient for knowledge; the search for a fourth condition, or a wholly different analysis of knowledge, remains open more than sixty years later. 1Edmund Gettier's 1963 three-page paper overturned a definition of knowledge many philosophers had treated as settled, and the search for a replacement has not converged.Central QuestionWell-attestedWhat can we know, and how do we know it? 1Key DebateWell-attestedRationalism versus empiricism: whether substantive knowledge can be reached by reason alone, as Descartes argues from the cogito, or requires grounding in sense experience, as Locke argues against any innate ideas. 1EpistemologyFilter Results102 entriesMovementAll19th Century Philosophy (1)African Epistemology (3)African Political Thought (1)Analytic Epistemology (9)Analytic Logic (8)Analytic Philosophy Of Language (2)Analytic 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MohantyEpistemologyJaroslav PeregrinEpistemologyJean-Francois LyotardEpistemologyJesús Padilla GálvezEpistemologyJohn DeweyEpistemologyJohn LockeEpistemologyJohn McDowellEpistemologyJosé ZalabardoEpistemologyJuan José SebreliEpistemologyJürgen HabermasEpistemologyKarl PopperEpistemologyKim JaegwonEpistemologyKristie DotsonEpistemologyKwasi WireduEpistemologyLarry LaudanEpistemologyLetitia MeynellEpistemologyLudwig WittgensteinEpistemologyMartin HeideggerEpistemologyMoziEpistemologyNagarjunaEpistemologyNasir KhusrawEpistemologyNelson GoodmanEpistemologyNick ZangwillEpistemologyPaul ChurchlandEpistemologyPaul FeyerabendEpistemologyPaul GriceEpistemologyPlatoEpistemologyPyrrho of ElisEpistemologyQuassim CassamEpistemologyRalph Waldo EmersonEpistemologyRene DescartesEpistemologyRichard BradleyEpistemologyRichard RortyEpistemologyRobert NozickEpistemologyRoman IngardenEpistemologyRudolf CarnapEpistemologySadr al-Din al-QunawiEpistemologySamuel RamosEpistemologySandra HardingEpistemologySaul KripkeEpistemologySextus EmpiricusEpistemologyShihab al-Din SuhrawardiEpistemologySidi Mohamed BarkatEpistemologySocratesEpistemologySouleymane Bachir DiagneEpistemologySusan HaackEpistemologyThomas NagelEpistemologyTimothy WilliamsonEpistemologyVoltaireEpistemologyWalter BenjaminEpistemologyWalter Terence StaceEpistemologyWard JonesEpistemologyWilfrid SellarsEpistemologyWillard Van Orman QuineEpistemologyWilliam JamesEpistemologyWilliam of OckhamEpistemologyXenophanesEpistemologyZhuangziEpistemologyFAQsWhat is the Gettier problem, and why does it matter for the definition of knowledge?In 1963 Edmund Gettier showed that a belief can be justified and true purely by luck without counting as knowledge, so justified true belief is not enough to define knowledge, and philosophers are still looking for what else is needed.For centuries philosophers defined knowledge as justified true belief. In 1963 Edmund Gettier published counterexamples showing a person could hold a belief that was both justified and true, yet only by luck, in a way that did not seem to amount to real knowledge. That showed justified true belief is not sufficient for knowledge on its own. More than sixty years later, philosophers are still searching for a fourth condition to add, or for a wholly different analysis of what knowledge actually is.ConnectionsAssociated WithDavid Hume, Philosophers Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1John Locke, Philosophers Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Plato, Philosophers Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Rene Descartes, Philosophers Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1IncludesRobert Nozick, Philosophers Well-attested Source Robert Nozick (Wikipedia)tier 2Roman Ingarden, Philosophers Well-attested Source Roman Ingarden (Wikipedia)tier 3Rudolf Carnap, Philosophers Well-attested Source Rudolf Carnap (Wikipedia)tier 2Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Philosophers Well-attested Source Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, WikipediaSamuel Ramos, Philosophers Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Samuel RamosSandra Harding, Philosophers Well-attested Source Sandra Harding (Wikipedia)tier 2Saul Kripke, Philosophers Well-attested Source Saul Kripke (Wikipedia)tier 2Sextus Empiricus, Philosophers Well-attested Source Sextus Empiricus (Wikipedia)tier 3Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi, Philosophers Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Shihab al-Din SuhrawardiSidi Mohamed Barkat, Philosophers Well-attested Source Sidi Mohamed Barkat (Wikipedia)Skepticism, Schools of Philosophy Well-attested Socrates, Philosophers Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Sophism, Schools of Philosophy Well-attested ConnectedSophism's defining thesis (Protagoras's "man is the measure of all things") is an epistemological relativism about truth and knowledge.Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Souleymane Bachir Diagne, Philosophers Well-attested Source Souleymane Bachir Diagne - WikipediaSusan Haack, Philosophers Well-attested Source Susan Haack (Wikipedia)tier 3Tabula Rasa, Concepts Well-attested Source Tabula Rasa (Wikipedia)tier 2The Brain in a Vat Argument, Arguments and Positions Well-attested The Critique of Pure Reason, Works Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1The Gettier Problem, Arguments and Positions Well-attested The Problem of Induction, Concepts Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Thomas Nagel, Philosophers Well-attested Timothy Williamson, Philosophers Well-attested Source Timothy Williamson, WikipediaTranscendental Argument, Arguments and Positions Well-attested Source Transcendental argument (Wikipedia)Vedanta, Schools of Philosophy Well-attested Voltaire, Philosophers Well-attested Source Voltaire (Wikipedia)tier 3Walter Benjamin, Philosophers Well-attested Source Walter Benjamin (Wikipedia)tier 2Walter Terence Stace, Philosophers Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Walter Terence Stacetier 2Ward Jones, Philosophers Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Ward Jonestier 2Wax Argument, Arguments and Positions Well-attested Source Wax Argument (Wikipedia)tier 3Wilfrid Sellars, Philosophers Well-attested Source Wilfrid Sellars (Wikipedia)tier 2Willard Van Orman Quine, Philosophers Well-attested Source Willard Van Orman Quine (Wikipedia)tier 2William James, Philosophers Well-attested William of Ockham, Philosophers Well-attested Source William of Ockham (Wikipedia)tier 3Xenophanes, Philosophers Well-attested Source Xenophanes (Wikipedia)tier 3Zhuangzi, Philosophers Well-attested Showing 101 to 135 of 135 in Includes, page 3 of 3.← Previous123Open QuestionsMust what justifies a belief be accessible from within the believer's own perspective, or can a reliable process the believer is unaware of confer justification?, Open Questions Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1What must be added to, or substituted for, justified true belief for a definition of knowledge that survives Gettier-style counterexamples?, Open Questions Well-attested Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1What Satisfies the Missing Condition for Knowledge?, Open Questions Well-attested Source The Analysis of Knowledge (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)Sources1. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Stanford University, Center for the Study of Language and Informationentry: EpistemologyThe term "epistemology" comes from the Greek words "episteme" and "logos". "Episteme" can be translated as "knowledge" or "understanding" or "acquaintance", while "logos" can be translated as "account" or "argument" or "reason".s.v. Epistemologyentry: Rene Descartes; entry: John Lockes.v. The Analysis of Knowledges.v. Internalist vs. Externalist Conceptions of Epistemic JustificationIncludes: PlatoIncludes: Immanuel KantIncludes: David HumeIncludes: The Critique of Pure ReasonIncludes: The Problem of InductionIncludes: John LockeIncludes: SocratesIncludes: Rene DescartesIncludes: Rationalism, s.v. Rationalism vs. EmpiricismIncludes: Empiricism, s.v. Rationalism vs. EmpiricismAssociated With: Plato, entry: Epistemology; Plato's TheaetetusIncludes: Pyrrho of ElisView the SourceEpistemology (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIntroductionQuote, IntroductionEpistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge. Also called the theory of knowledge, it explores different types of knowledge.View the SourceAncient Skepticism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)Includes: PyrrhonismInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophytier 1Includes: Nyaya, entry: Nyaya, IntroductionQuote, Includes: Nyaya, entry: Nyaya, IntroductionEpistemologically, Nyaya develops a sophisticated precursor to contemporary reliabilism (particularly process reliabilism), centered on the notion of knowledge-sources (pramana).View the SourceTabula Rasa (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Tabula Rasa, IntroductionQuote, Includes: Tabula Rasa, IntroductionTabula rasa; Latin for "blank slate"View the SourceProblem of Induction (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Problem of Induction, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Problem of Induction, Lead sectionThe problem of induction is a philosophical problem that questions the rationality of predictions about unobserved things based on previous observations.View the SourceReliabilist Epistemology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)tier 1Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Reliabilism, Reliabilist Epistemology (SEP), introductionQuote, Includes: Reliabilism, Reliabilist Epistemology (SEP), introductionAccording to the reliabilist approach to epistemology, any adequate account will need to mention the reliability of the process responsible for the belief, or truth-conducive considerations more generally.View the SourceProblem of the Criterion (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Problem of the Criterion, Problem of the criterion (Wikipedia), introductionIn the field of epistemology, the problem of the criterion is an issue regarding the starting point of knowledge.Includes: Problem of the Criterion, LeadIn the field of epistemology, the problem of the criterion is an issue regarding the starting point of knowledge.View the SourceJohn Dewey (Wikipedia)Includes: John Dewey, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: John Dewey, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of education, epistemology, journalism, ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, metaphysicsView the SourceWikipedia: Mozitier 2WikipediaIncludes: Mozi, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Mozi, Infobox: main_interestsEthics, social and political philosophy, logic, epistemologyView the SourceDonald Davidson (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Donald Davidson, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Donald Davidson, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of language, philosophy of action, philosophy of mind, epistemology, ontologyView the SourceGilles Deleuze (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Gilles Deleuze, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Gilles Deleuze, Infobox: main_interestsAesthetics, history of Western philosophy, literary theory, metaphilosophy, metaphysics, epistemology, social philosophy, psychoanalysis, semiotics (film semiotics)View the SourceJurgen Habermas (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Jürgen Habermas, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Jürgen Habermas, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemology critical social theory political theory philosophy of law Rationalization (sociology), rationalization pragmatics pragmatismView the SourceWilliam of Ockham (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: William of Ockham, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: William of Ockham, Infobox: main_interestsNatural philosophy metaphysics epistemology theology logic ontology politics Theological voluntarismView the SourceGeorge Santayana (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: George Santayana, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: George Santayana, Infobox: main_interestsMoral philosophy, political philosophy, epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of religionView the SourceWillard Van Orman Quine (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Willard Van Orman Quine, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Willard Van Orman Quine, Infobox: main_interestsLogic, ontology, epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, set theoryView the SourceSaul Kripke (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Saul Kripke, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Saul Kripke, Infobox: main_interestsLogic (particularly modal) Philosophy of language Metaphysics Set theory Epistemology Philosophy of mind History of analytic philosophyView the SourceXenophanes (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Xenophanes, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Xenophanes, Infobox: main_interestsSocial criticism Natural philosophy EpistemologyView the SourceHilary Putnam (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Hilary Putnam, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Hilary Putnam, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of mind, of language, of science, and of mathematics Metaphilosophy Epistemology Jewish philosophyView the SourceRudolf Carnap (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Rudolf Carnap, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Rudolf Carnap, Infobox: main_interestsLogicEpistemology Philosophy of science SemanticsView the SourceRobert Nozick (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Robert Nozick, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Robert Nozick, Infobox: main_interestsPolitical philosophy, ethics, epistemologyView the SourceWalter Benjamin (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Walter Benjamin, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Walter Benjamin, Infobox: main_interestsLiterary theory, aesthetics, philosophy of technology, epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of historyView the SourceAlvin Plantinga (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Alvin Plantinga, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Alvin Plantinga, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of religion, logic, modal logic, philosophy of science, natural theologyView the SourceEdmund Gettier (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Edmund Gettier, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Edmund Gettier, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemologyView the SourceHenri Bergson (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Henri Bergson, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Henri Bergson, Infobox: main_interestsMetaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, studies of immediate experienceView the SourceHans-Georg Gadamer (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Hans-Georg Gadamer, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Hans-Georg Gadamer, Infobox: main_interestsMetaphysics, Epistemology, Philosophy of language, Language, Ontology, Aesthetics, HermeneuticsView the SourceDavid Lewis (philosopher) (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: David Lewis, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: David Lewis, Infobox: main_interestsLogicPhilosophy of languageMetaphysics EpistemologyEthicsView the SourceWilfrid Sellars (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Wilfrid Sellars, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Wilfrid Sellars, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of mind Philosophy of perception Epistemology Meaning Pragmatism Behaviorism History of philosophy ExpressivismView the SourceSusan Haack (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Susan Haack, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Susan Haack, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of science Philosophy of logic Epistemology PragmatismView the SourceGorgias (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikipedia (Wikimedia Foundation)Includes: Gorgias, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Gorgias, Infobox: main_interestsOntology, epistemology, rhetoric, moral relativismView the SourceDharmakirti (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Dharmakirti, LeadQuote, Includes: Dharmakirti, LeadDharmakīrti (fl. c. 600-670 CE) was an influential Indian Buddhist philosopher who worked at Nālandā. He was one of the key scholars of epistemology (pramāṇa) in Buddhist philosophy, and is associated with the Yogācāra and Sautrāntika schools.View the SourcePaul Feyerabend (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Paul Feyerabend, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Paul Feyerabend, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of science, epistemology, political philosophy, ancient philosophy, philosophy of mindView the SourceImre Lakatos (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Imre Lakatos, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Imre Lakatos, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, history of science, epistemology, politicsView the SourceCicero (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Cicero, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Cicero, Infobox: main_interestsPolitical philosophy, Politics, Philosophy of law, law, rhetoric, theology, ethics, epistemologyView the SourceNelson Goodman (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Nelson Goodman, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Nelson Goodman, Infobox: main_interestsLogic, epistemology, metaphysics, induction, counterfactuals, mereology, aesthetics, philosophy of science, philosophy of languageView the SourceJean-Francois Lyotard (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Jean-Francois Lyotard, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Jean-Francois Lyotard, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemology, sociology, political philosophy, aestheticsView the SourceSandra Harding (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sandra Harding, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Sandra Harding, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemology, philosophy of science, standpoint theoryView the SourceCarneades (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Carneades, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Carneades, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemology, ethicsView the SourceRoman Ingarden (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Roman Ingarden, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Roman Ingarden, Infobox: main_interestsAesthetics, epistemology, formal ontology, nature vs nurtureView the SourceSouleymane Bachir Diagne - WikipediaIncludes: Souleymane Bachir Diagne, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Souleymane Bachir Diagne, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of mathematics, Epistemology, Logic, Linguistics, Mathematics, Islamic philosophyView the SourceIbn Arabi - WikipediaIncludes: Ibn Arabi, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Ibn Arabi, Infobox: main_interestsSufism, Tafsir, Epistemology, Ontology, Poetry, FiqhView the SourceAristippus (Wikipedia)Includes: Aristippus, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Aristippus, Infobox: main_interestsHedonism, EpistemologyView the SourcePaul Grice - WikipediaIncludes: Paul Grice, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Paul Grice, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of language Semantics Pragmatics Metaphysics Epistemology History of philosophyView the SourceFred Dretske, WikipediaIncludes: Fred Dretske, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Fred Dretske, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of mind EpistemologyView the SourceDavid Kaplan (philosopher), WikipediaIncludes: David Kaplan, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: David Kaplan, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of language, logic, metaphysics, epistemologyView the SourceFrank Cameron Jackson, WikipediaIncludes: Frank Jackson, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Frank Jackson, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of mind, epistemology, metaphysics, meta-ethicsView the SourceWikipedia: Jaegwon KimIncludes: Kim Jaegwon, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Kim Jaegwon, Infobox: main_interestsAction theory (philosophy), Action theory, Epistemology, Metaphysics, Philosophy of mind, Philosophy of scienceView the SourceWikipedia: Samuel RamosIncludes: Samuel Ramos, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Samuel Ramos, Infobox: main_interestsIdentityMetaphysics EpistemologyEthicsView the SourceGeorg Henrik von Wright, WikipediaIncludes: Georg Henrik von Wright, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Georg Henrik von Wright, Infobox: main_interestsModal logic, philosophy of action, philosophy of language, epistemology, philosophy of scienceView the SourceWikipedia: Paul ChurchlandIncludes: Paul Churchland, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Paul Churchland, Infobox: main_interestsNeurophilosophy, philosophy of science, philosophy of mind, artificial intelligence, epistemologyView the SourceSadr al-Din al-Qunawi, WikipediaIncludes: Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemology, mysticism, Sufi metaphysicsView the SourceTimothy Williamson, WikipediaIncludes: Timothy Williamson, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Timothy Williamson, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophical logic, philosophy of language, epistemology, metaphysicsView the SourceCrispin Wright, WikipediaIncludes: Crispin Wright, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Crispin Wright, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of mind Philosophy of language Philosophy of mathematics Frege Wittgenstein EpistemologyView the SourceJohn McDowell (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: John McDowell, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: John McDowell, Infobox: main_interestsMetaphysics, epistemology, logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of perception, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind, ethics, meta-ethicsView the SourceWikipedia: Larry LaudanIncludes: Larry Laudan, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Larry Laudan, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of science, epistemology, philosophy of lawView the SourceWikipedia: C. D. BroadIncludes: C.D. Broad, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: C.D. Broad, Infobox: main_interestsMetaphysics, epistemology, ethics, philosophy of mind, logicView the SourceWikipedia: Alexander BirdIncludes: Alexander Bird, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Alexander Bird, Infobox: main_interestsPhilosophy of science, philosophy of medicine, metaphysics, epistemologyView the SourceAmia Srinivasan (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Amia Srinivasan, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Amia Srinivasan, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemology Political philosophy Feminist philosophyView the SourceJesús Padilla Gálvez, WikipediaIncludes: Jesús Padilla Gálvez, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Jesús Padilla Gálvez, Infobox: main_interestsLogic, ontology, epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, ethics.View the SourceWikipedia: Bernard Bolzanotier 2WikipediaIncludes: Bernard Bolzano, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Bernard Bolzano, Infobox: main_interestsLogic, epistemology, theologyView the SourceWikipedia: Walter Terence Stacetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Walter Terence Stace, LeadQuote, Includes: Walter Terence Stace, LeadWalter Terence Stace (17 November 1886-2 August 1967) was a British civil servant, educator, public philosopher and epistemologist, who wrote on Hegel, mysticism, and moral relativism.View the SourceWikipedia: Nick Zangwilltier 2WikipediaIncludes: Nick Zangwill, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Nick Zangwill, Infobox: main_interestsAesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of logic, meta-ethicsView the SourceKristie Dotson (Wikipedia)Includes: Kristie Dotson, LeadQuote, Includes: Kristie Dotson, LeadHer work specialises in epistemology, metaphilosophy, and black feminist philosophy.View the SourceWikipedia: Jaroslav Peregrintier 2WikipediaIncludes: Jaroslav Peregrin, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Jaroslav Peregrin, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemology, logic, mind, mathematics, languageView the SourceJuan José Sebreli (Wikipedia)Includes: Juan José Sebreli, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Juan José Sebreli, Infobox: main_interestsepistemology existentialism literary criticism sociologyView the SourceWikipedia: Hamid Vahid-Dastjerditier 2WikipediaIncludes: Hamid Vahid-Dastjerdi, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Hamid Vahid-Dastjerdi, Infobox: main_interestsepistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophical logicView the SourceWikipedia: Bill Brewertier 2WikipediaIncludes: Bill Brewer, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Bill Brewer, Infobox: main_interestsphilosophy of mind, metaphysics, epistemologyView the SourceJosé Zalabardo (Wikipedia)Includes: José Zalabardo, LeadQuote, Includes: José Zalabardo, LeadJosé Zalabardo (born 1964) is a Spanish-British philosopher who works on epistemology, metaphysics, and related areas.View the SourceDidier Kaphagawani (Wikipedia)Includes: Didier Kaphagawani, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Didier Kaphagawani, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemology, Metaphysics, EthicsView the SourceWikipedia: Letitia Meynelltier 2WikipediaIncludes: Letitia Meynell, LeadQuote, Includes: Letitia Meynell, LeadHer work concerns philosophy of science, epistemology, feminist philosophy, and human/animal relationships.View the SourceWikipedia: Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'iIncludes: Allameh Tabatabai, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Allameh Tabatabai, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemology, hadith studies, Islamic metaphysics, mysticism, ontology, tafsir, Quranic exegesisView the SourceStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Ralph Waldo EmersonStanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Ralph Waldo Emerson, AbstractQuote, Includes: Ralph Waldo Emerson, AbstractNeoplatonism, Kantianism, and Hinduism, Emerson developed a metaphysics of process, an epistemology of moods, and an “existentialist” ethics of self-improvement.View the SourceInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Ayn RandInternet Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Ayn Rand, AbstractQuote, Includes: Ayn Rand, AbstractThis philosophy is in the Aristotelian tradition, with that tradition’s emphasis upon metaphysical naturalism, empirical reason in epistemology, and self-realization in ethics.View the SourceBlaise Pascal (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Blaise Pascal, Page categories: French epistemologistsView the SourceKarl Popper (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Karl Popper, Page categories: EpistemologistsView the SourceDenis Diderot (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Denis Diderot, Page categories: French epistemologistsView the SourceStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Richard RortyStanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Richard Rorty, AbstractQuote, Includes: Richard Rorty, Abstractourselves from the governing metaphors of mind and knowledge in which the traditional problems of epistemology and metaphysics (and indeed, in Rorty’s view, the self-conception of modern philosophy) are rooted.View the SourceInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Kwasi WireduInternet Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Kwasi Wiredu, AbstractQuote, Includes: Kwasi Wiredu, AbstractSecond, he intended to dislodge unnecessary Western epistemologies that are to be found in African philosophical practices.View the SourceStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Shihab al-Din SuhrawardiStanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi, AbstractQuote, Includes: Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi, AbstractSuhrawardi provides an original Platonic critique of the dominant Avicennan Peripateticism of the time in the fields of logic, physics, epistemology, psychology, and metaphysics.View the SourceHeraclitus (Wikipedia)tier 3Wikipedia (Wikimedia Foundation)Includes: Heraclitus, Page categories: Ancient Greek epistemologistsView the SourceVoltaire (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Voltaire, Page categories: French epistemologistsView the SourceSextus Empiricus (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Sextus Empiricus, Page categories: Ancient Greek epistemologistsView the SourceBaron d'Holbach (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Baron d'Holbach, Page categories: EpistemologistsView the SourceQuassim Cassam, WikipediaIncludes: Quassim Cassam, LeadQuote, Includes: Quassim Cassam, LeadHe writes on extremism, terrorism, self-knowledge, perception, epistemic vices and topics in Kantian epistemology.View the SourceRichard Bradley (Wikipedia)Includes: Richard Bradley, LeadQuote, Includes: Richard Bradley, LeadBradley is best known for work on decision theory, formal epistemology, semantics, and climate change policy.View the SourceSidi Mohamed Barkat (Wikipedia)Includes: Sidi Mohamed Barkat, LeadQuote, Includes: Sidi Mohamed Barkat, LeadAfter several years of employment by the university, where he was mainly occupied with questions of epistemology in the social sciences, Sidi Mohammed Barkat directed a research programme at the Collège international de philosophieView the SourceFoundationalism (Wikipedia)Includes: Foundationalism, LeadQuote, Includes: Foundationalism, LeadFoundationalism concerns philosophical theories of knowledge resting upon non-inferential justified belief, or some secure foundation of certainty such as a conclusion inferred from a basis of sound premises.View the SourceMunchhausen Trilemma (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Münchhausen Trilemma, LeadQuote, Includes: Münchhausen Trilemma, LeadThe Münchhausen trilemma (also known as Agrippa's trilemma) is an epistemological thought experiment intended to demonstrate the theoretical impossibility of proving any truth, even in the fields of logic andView the SourceReliabilism (Wikipedia)Includes: Reliabilism, LeadQuote, Includes: Reliabilism, LeadReliabilism, a category of theories in the philosophical discipline of epistemology, has been advanced as a theory both of justification and of knowledge.View the SourceNew Riddle of Induction (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: New Riddle of Induction, LeadQuote, Includes: New Riddle of Induction, LeadThe new riddle of induction was presented by Nelson Goodman in Fact, Fiction, and Forecast as a successor to Hume's original problem.View the SourceCartesian Circle (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Cartesian Circle, LeadQuote, Includes: Cartesian Circle, LeadThe Cartesian circle (also known as Arnauld's circle) is an example of fallacious circular reasoning attributed to French philosopher René Descartes.View the SourceTranscendental argument (Wikipedia)Includes: Transcendental Argument, LeadQuote, Includes: Transcendental Argument, LeadThey are often anti-skeptical arguments referring to the conditions making experience or knowledge possible.View the SourceWax Argument (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Wax Argument, LeadQuote, Includes: Wax Argument, LeadHe devised it to analyze what properties are essential for bodies, show how uncertain our knowledge of the world is compared to our knowledge of our minds, and argue for rationalism.View the SourcePeritrope (Wikipedia)tier 3WikipediaIncludes: Peritrope, LeadQuote, Includes: Peritrope, LeadPeritrope (Greek: περιτροπή) is Socrates' argument against Protagoras' view of subjective truth, as presented in Plato's book known as Theaetetus (169-171e).View the SourcePostmodernism (Wikipedia)Includes: Postmodernism, LeadQuote, Includes: Postmodernism, LeadIt emerged in the mid-20th century as a skeptical response to modernism, emphasizing the instability of meaning, rejection of universal truths, and critique of grand narratives.View the SourceJitendra Nath Mohanty (Wikipedia)Includes: J. N. Mohanty, Article textQuote, Includes: J. N. Mohanty, Article textHe wrote over twenty scholarly books and numerous journal articles on different areas of philosophy including epistemology, logic, and phenomenology.View the SourceWikipedia: Nasir KhusrawIncludes: Nasir Khusraw, Article textQuote, Includes: Nasir Khusraw, Article textThe work discusses creation, questions about the soul, epistemology, and Ismaili Islamic doctrines.View the SourceAlvin Goldman (Wikipedia)Includes: Alvin Goldman, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Alvin Goldman, Infobox: main_interestsEpistemology, philosophy of actionView the SourceÁsta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir (Wikipedia)Includes: Ásta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir, LeadQuote, Includes: Ásta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir, LeadÁsta is predominantly concerned with metaphysics, the philosophy of language, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics.View the SourceWikipedia: Ward Jonestier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ward Jones, LeadQuote, Includes: Ward Jones, LeadJones has published in the areas of epistemology, ethics, philosophy of mind, aesthetics, and metaphilosophy.View the SourceStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Ibn KammunaStanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Ibn Kammuna, Introduction, epistemologyQuote, Includes: Ibn Kammuna, Introduction, epistemologyAt the very least, this shall afford us a glimpse at the way Ibn Kammūna handles a key notion of psychology, epistemology, and the theory of prophecy, in various literary formats.View the SourceOpen Questions (3 open questions)What Satisfies the Missing Condition for Knowledge?Edmund Gettier's 1963 counterexamples showed that justified true belief, the classical tripartite analysis inherited from Plato's Theaetetus, is not sufficient for knowledge: there are cases of justified true belief that still fall short of knowing. Epistemologists have proposed many candidate fourth conditions since, but the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's own survey concludes that despite considerable attention, particularly in the late twentieth century, no analysis has been widely accepted.What would resolve this A precise, counterexample-resistant fourth condition, or a replacement analysis of knowledge altogether, that a broad consensus of epistemologists converges on rather than one that continues to generate further counterexamples.EpistemologyThe Analysis of Knowledge (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)What must be added to, or substituted for, justified true belief for a definition of knowledge that survives Gettier-style counterexamples?Since Edmund Gettier's 1963 paper, proposed fourth conditions (a no-false-lemmas clause, causal theories, reliabilism, safety and sensitivity conditions, virtue epistemology) have each met their own counterexamples, and no replacement analysis commands consensus.What would resolve this An analysis of knowledge that survives every known Gettier-style case without ruling out clear cases of ordinary knowledge would resolve it; some epistemologists instead argue the project of analyzing knowledge into more basic conditions should be abandoned.EpistemologyStanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyMust what justifies a belief be accessible from within the believer's own perspective, or can a reliable process the believer is unaware of confer justification?Internalists argue that a justification a thinker cannot access from the inside cannot be doing any justifying work for that thinker; externalists reply that small children and animals plainly have justified perceptual beliefs despite being unable to reflect on their own reliability. Neither side has produced a case the other accepts as decisive.What would resolve this A shared account of what justification is FOR, whether it is about the thinker's own responsible believing or about tracking truth, would settle which condition is required; the two camps currently start from different accounts of that point.EpistemologyStanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyDissenting Readings (2 dissenting readings)Key DebateWilliamson rejects the entire project of analyzing knowledge into justified true belief plus a further condition: on his knowledge-first view, knowledge is itself the most basic mental state, not a compound built from belief, truth and justification, so Gettier cases show only that the analytic project was misconceived from the start, not that it merely needs a fourth condition.A dissenting reading, from Timothy WilliamsonStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, Center for the Study of Language and InformationKey DebateGoldman argues that reliabilism, an externalist theory on which a belief is justified when produced by a process that reliably yields true beliefs, better matches ordinary judgments about knowledge than internalism does: a subject with no access at all to why their perception is reliable, a small child, for instance, is still credited with justified perceptual beliefs, which internalism's access requirement cannot easily accommodate.A dissenting reading, from Alvin GoldmanStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, Center for the Study of Language and InformationTake a Related QuizBranches and Schools of PhilosophyIncludes a question about Epistemology.Comments (0)No comments yet. 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