The branch of philosophy that studies knowledge itself: what it is, how it differs from mere belief, and how, if at all, it can be justified. The classical analysis treats knowledge as justified true belief, a formula traced to Plato's Theaetetus, though Edmund Gettier's 1963 counterexamples showed that justified true belief can still fall short of knowledge, opening a live debate over what a fourth condition would have to add. Epistemology also asks where knowledge comes from: rationalists such as Descartes held that reason alone can establish some truths, while empiricists such as Locke and Hume held that all substantive knowledge of the world must ultimately trace back to sense experience. Scepticism, the challenge that we may know far less than we assume, runs through the branch from Pyrrho to Descartes' own methodical doubt.
Facts
Disputed
Key DebateInternalism versus externalism about justification: internalists hold that what justifies a belief must be accessible from within the believer's own perspective, on reflection alone, while externalists such as reliabilists hold that a belief can be justified by standing in a reliable relation to the world, such as ordinary perception, that the believer need not be aware of at all. 1 Whether justification is a matter of the believer's own accessible reasons or can be conferred by a reliable process the believer need not be aware of divides epistemologists into internalist and externalist camps. Key DebateThe Gettier problem: Edmund Gettier's 1963 counterexamples showed that a belief can be justified and true purely by luck without amounting to knowledge, so justified true belief is not sufficient for knowledge; the search for a fourth condition, or a wholly different analysis of knowledge, remains open more than sixty years later. 1 Edmund Gettier's 1963 three-page paper overturned a definition of knowledge many philosophers had treated as settled, and the search for a replacement has not converged. Central QuestionWhat can we know, and how do we know it? 1 Key DebateRationalism versus empiricism: whether substantive knowledge can be reached by reason alone, as Descartes argues from the cogito, or requires grounding in sense experience, as Locke argues against any innate ideas. 1 Epistemology
Filter Results3 entries
FAQs
What is the Gettier problem, and why does it matter for the definition of knowledge?
In 1963 Edmund Gettier showed that a belief can be justified and true purely by luck without counting as knowledge, so justified true belief is not enough to define knowledge, and philosophers are still looking for what else is needed.
For centuries philosophers defined knowledge as justified true belief. In 1963 Edmund Gettier published counterexamples showing a person could hold a belief that was both justified and true, yet only by luck, in a way that did not seem to amount to real knowledge. That showed justified true belief is not sufficient for knowledge on its own. More than sixty years later, philosophers are still searching for a fourth condition to add, or for a wholly different analysis of what knowledge actually is.
Connections
Associated With
Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Includes
Source Robert Nozick (Wikipedia)
Source Roman Ingarden (Wikipedia)
Source Rudolf Carnap (Wikipedia)
Source Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Samuel Ramos
Source Sandra Harding (Wikipedia)
Source Saul Kripke (Wikipedia)
Source Sextus Empiricus (Wikipedia)
Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi
Source Sidi Mohamed Barkat (Wikipedia)
Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Sophism's defining thesis (Protagoras's "man is the measure of all things") is an epistemological relativism about truth and knowledge.
Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Source Souleymane Bachir Diagne - Wikipedia
Source Susan Haack (Wikipedia)
Source Tabula Rasa (Wikipedia)
Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Source Timothy Williamson, Wikipedia
Source Transcendental argument (Wikipedia)
Source Voltaire (Wikipedia)
Source Walter Benjamin (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Walter Terence Stace
Source Wikipedia: Ward Jones
Source Wax Argument (Wikipedia)
Source Wilfrid Sellars (Wikipedia)
Source Willard Van Orman Quine (Wikipedia)
Source William of Ockham (Wikipedia)
Source Xenophanes (Wikipedia)
Showing 101 to 135 of 135 in Includes, page 3 of 3.
Open Questions
Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Source The Analysis of Knowledge (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Sources
1. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Stanford University, Center for the Study of Language and Informationentry: Epistemology
The term "epistemology" comes from the Greek words "episteme" and "logos". "Episteme" can be translated as "knowledge" or "understanding" or "acquaintance", while "logos" can be translated as "account" or "argument" or "reason".
- s.v. Epistemology
- entry: Rene Descartes; entry: John Locke
- s.v. The Analysis of Knowledge
- s.v. Internalist vs. Externalist Conceptions of Epistemic Justification
- Includes: Plato
- Includes: Immanuel Kant
- Includes: David Hume
- Includes: The Critique of Pure Reason
- Includes: The Problem of Induction
- Includes: John Locke
- Includes: Socrates
- Includes: Rene Descartes
- Includes: Rationalism, s.v. Rationalism vs. Empiricism
- Includes: Empiricism, s.v. Rationalism vs. Empiricism
- Associated With: Plato, entry: Epistemology; Plato's Theaetetus
- Includes: Pyrrho of Elis
View the Source Epistemology (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIntroductionQuote, Introduction
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge. Also called the theory of knowledge, it explores different types of knowledge.
View the Source Ancient Skepticism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Includes: Pyrrhonism
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Includes: Nyaya, entry: Nyaya, IntroductionQuote, Includes: Nyaya, entry: Nyaya, Introduction
Epistemologically, Nyaya develops a sophisticated precursor to contemporary reliabilism (particularly process reliabilism), centered on the notion of knowledge-sources (pramana).
View the Source Tabula Rasa (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Tabula Rasa, IntroductionQuote, Includes: Tabula Rasa, Introduction
Tabula rasa; Latin for "blank slate"
View the Source Problem of Induction (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Problem of Induction, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Problem of Induction, Lead section
The problem of induction is a philosophical problem that questions the rationality of predictions about unobserved things based on previous observations.
View the Source Reliabilist Epistemology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Reliabilism, Reliabilist Epistemology (SEP), introductionQuote, Includes: Reliabilism, Reliabilist Epistemology (SEP), introduction
According to the reliabilist approach to epistemology, any adequate account will need to mention the reliability of the process responsible for the belief, or truth-conducive considerations more generally.
View the Source Problem of the Criterion (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Problem of the Criterion, Problem of the criterion (Wikipedia), introduction
In the field of epistemology, the problem of the criterion is an issue regarding the starting point of knowledge.
Includes: Problem of the Criterion, Lead
In the field of epistemology, the problem of the criterion is an issue regarding the starting point of knowledge.
View the Source John Dewey (Wikipedia)
Includes: John Dewey, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: John Dewey, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of education, epistemology, journalism, ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, metaphysics
View the Source Wikipedia: Mozi
WikipediaIncludes: Mozi, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Mozi, Infobox: main_interests
Ethics, social and political philosophy, logic, epistemology
View the Source Donald Davidson (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Donald Davidson, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Donald Davidson, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of language, philosophy of action, philosophy of mind, epistemology, ontology
View the Source Gilles Deleuze (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Gilles Deleuze, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Gilles Deleuze, Infobox: main_interests
Aesthetics, history of Western philosophy, literary theory, metaphilosophy, metaphysics, epistemology, social philosophy, psychoanalysis, semiotics (film semiotics)
View the Source Jurgen Habermas (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Jürgen Habermas, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Jürgen Habermas, Infobox: main_interests
Epistemology critical social theory political theory philosophy of law Rationalization (sociology), rationalization pragmatics pragmatism
View the Source William of Ockham (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: William of Ockham, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: William of Ockham, Infobox: main_interests
Natural philosophy metaphysics epistemology theology logic ontology politics Theological voluntarism
View the Source George Santayana (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: George Santayana, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: George Santayana, Infobox: main_interests
Moral philosophy, political philosophy, epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of religion
View the Source Willard Van Orman Quine (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Willard Van Orman Quine, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Willard Van Orman Quine, Infobox: main_interests
Logic, ontology, epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, set theory
View the Source Saul Kripke (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Saul Kripke, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Saul Kripke, Infobox: main_interests
Logic (particularly modal) Philosophy of language Metaphysics Set theory Epistemology Philosophy of mind History of analytic philosophy
View the Source Xenophanes (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Xenophanes, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Xenophanes, Infobox: main_interests
Social criticism Natural philosophy Epistemology
View the Source Hilary Putnam (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Hilary Putnam, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Hilary Putnam, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of mind, of language, of science, and of mathematics Metaphilosophy Epistemology Jewish philosophy
View the Source Rudolf Carnap (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Rudolf Carnap, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Rudolf Carnap, Infobox: main_interests
LogicEpistemology Philosophy of science Semantics
View the Source Robert Nozick (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Robert Nozick, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Robert Nozick, Infobox: main_interests
Political philosophy, ethics, epistemology
View the Source Walter Benjamin (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Walter Benjamin, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Walter Benjamin, Infobox: main_interests
Literary theory, aesthetics, philosophy of technology, epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of history
View the Source Alvin Plantinga (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Alvin Plantinga, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Alvin Plantinga, Infobox: main_interests
Epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of religion, logic, modal logic, philosophy of science, natural theology
View the Source Edmund Gettier (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Edmund Gettier, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Edmund Gettier, Infobox: main_interests
Epistemology
View the Source Henri Bergson (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Henri Bergson, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Henri Bergson, Infobox: main_interests
Metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, studies of immediate experience
View the Source Hans-Georg Gadamer (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Hans-Georg Gadamer, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Hans-Georg Gadamer, Infobox: main_interests
Metaphysics, Epistemology, Philosophy of language, Language, Ontology, Aesthetics, Hermeneutics
View the Source David Lewis (philosopher) (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: David Lewis, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: David Lewis, Infobox: main_interests
LogicPhilosophy of languageMetaphysics EpistemologyEthics
View the Source Wilfrid Sellars (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Wilfrid Sellars, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Wilfrid Sellars, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of mind Philosophy of perception Epistemology Meaning Pragmatism Behaviorism History of philosophy Expressivism
View the Source Susan Haack (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Susan Haack, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Susan Haack, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of science Philosophy of logic Epistemology Pragmatism
View the Source Gorgias (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia (Wikimedia Foundation)Includes: Gorgias, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Gorgias, Infobox: main_interests
Ontology, epistemology, rhetoric, moral relativism
View the Source Dharmakirti (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Dharmakirti, LeadQuote, Includes: Dharmakirti, Lead
Dharmakīrti (fl. c. 600-670 CE) was an influential Indian Buddhist philosopher who worked at Nālandā. He was one of the key scholars of epistemology (pramāṇa) in Buddhist philosophy, and is associated with the Yogācāra and Sautrāntika schools.
View the Source Paul Feyerabend (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Paul Feyerabend, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Paul Feyerabend, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of science, epistemology, political philosophy, ancient philosophy, philosophy of mind
View the Source Imre Lakatos (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Imre Lakatos, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Imre Lakatos, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, history of science, epistemology, politics
View the Source Cicero (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Cicero, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Cicero, Infobox: main_interests
Political philosophy, Politics, Philosophy of law, law, rhetoric, theology, ethics, epistemology
View the Source Nelson Goodman (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Nelson Goodman, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Nelson Goodman, Infobox: main_interests
Logic, epistemology, metaphysics, induction, counterfactuals, mereology, aesthetics, philosophy of science, philosophy of language
View the Source Jean-Francois Lyotard (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Jean-Francois Lyotard, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Jean-Francois Lyotard, Infobox: main_interests
Epistemology, sociology, political philosophy, aesthetics
View the Source Sandra Harding (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Sandra Harding, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Sandra Harding, Infobox: main_interests
Epistemology, philosophy of science, standpoint theory
View the Source Carneades (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Carneades, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Carneades, Infobox: main_interests
Epistemology, ethics
View the Source Roman Ingarden (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Roman Ingarden, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Roman Ingarden, Infobox: main_interests
Aesthetics, epistemology, formal ontology, nature vs nurture
View the Source Souleymane Bachir Diagne - Wikipedia
Includes: Souleymane Bachir Diagne, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Souleymane Bachir Diagne, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of mathematics, Epistemology, Logic, Linguistics, Mathematics, Islamic philosophy
View the Source Ibn Arabi - Wikipedia
Includes: Ibn Arabi, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Ibn Arabi, Infobox: main_interests
Sufism, Tafsir, Epistemology, Ontology, Poetry, Fiqh
View the Source Aristippus (Wikipedia)
Includes: Aristippus, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Aristippus, Infobox: main_interests
Hedonism, Epistemology
View the Source Paul Grice - Wikipedia
Includes: Paul Grice, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Paul Grice, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of language Semantics Pragmatics Metaphysics Epistemology History of philosophy
View the Source Fred Dretske, Wikipedia
Includes: Fred Dretske, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Fred Dretske, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of mind Epistemology
View the Source David Kaplan (philosopher), Wikipedia
Includes: David Kaplan, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: David Kaplan, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of language, logic, metaphysics, epistemology
View the Source Frank Cameron Jackson, Wikipedia
Includes: Frank Jackson, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Frank Jackson, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of mind, epistemology, metaphysics, meta-ethics
View the Source Wikipedia: Jaegwon Kim
Includes: Kim Jaegwon, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Kim Jaegwon, Infobox: main_interests
Action theory (philosophy), Action theory, Epistemology, Metaphysics, Philosophy of mind, Philosophy of science
View the Source Wikipedia: Samuel Ramos
Includes: Samuel Ramos, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Samuel Ramos, Infobox: main_interests
IdentityMetaphysics EpistemologyEthics
View the Source Georg Henrik von Wright, Wikipedia
Includes: Georg Henrik von Wright, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Georg Henrik von Wright, Infobox: main_interests
Modal logic, philosophy of action, philosophy of language, epistemology, philosophy of science
View the Source Wikipedia: Paul Churchland
Includes: Paul Churchland, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Paul Churchland, Infobox: main_interests
Neurophilosophy, philosophy of science, philosophy of mind, artificial intelligence, epistemology
View the Source Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Wikipedia
Includes: Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Infobox: main_interests
Epistemology, mysticism, Sufi metaphysics
View the Source Timothy Williamson, Wikipedia
Includes: Timothy Williamson, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Timothy Williamson, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophical logic, philosophy of language, epistemology, metaphysics
View the Source Crispin Wright, Wikipedia
Includes: Crispin Wright, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Crispin Wright, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of mind Philosophy of language Philosophy of mathematics Frege Wittgenstein Epistemology
View the Source John McDowell (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: John McDowell, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: John McDowell, Infobox: main_interests
Metaphysics, epistemology, logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of perception, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind, ethics, meta-ethics
View the Source Wikipedia: Larry Laudan
Includes: Larry Laudan, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Larry Laudan, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of science, epistemology, philosophy of law
View the Source Wikipedia: C. D. Broad
Includes: C.D. Broad, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: C.D. Broad, Infobox: main_interests
Metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, philosophy of mind, logic
View the Source Wikipedia: Alexander Bird
Includes: Alexander Bird, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Alexander Bird, Infobox: main_interests
Philosophy of science, philosophy of medicine, metaphysics, epistemology
View the Source Amia Srinivasan (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Amia Srinivasan, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Amia Srinivasan, Infobox: main_interests
Epistemology Political philosophy Feminist philosophy
View the Source Jesús Padilla Gálvez, Wikipedia
Includes: Jesús Padilla Gálvez, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Jesús Padilla Gálvez, Infobox: main_interests
Logic, ontology, epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, ethics.
View the Source Wikipedia: Bernard Bolzano
WikipediaIncludes: Bernard Bolzano, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Bernard Bolzano, Infobox: main_interests
Logic, epistemology, theology
View the Source Wikipedia: Walter Terence Stace
WikipediaIncludes: Walter Terence Stace, LeadQuote, Includes: Walter Terence Stace, Lead
Walter Terence Stace (17 November 1886-2 August 1967) was a British civil servant, educator, public philosopher and epistemologist, who wrote on Hegel, mysticism, and moral relativism.
View the Source Wikipedia: Nick Zangwill
WikipediaIncludes: Nick Zangwill, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Nick Zangwill, Infobox: main_interests
Aesthetics, metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of logic, meta-ethics
View the Source Kristie Dotson (Wikipedia)
Includes: Kristie Dotson, LeadQuote, Includes: Kristie Dotson, Lead
Her work specialises in epistemology, metaphilosophy, and black feminist philosophy.
View the Source Wikipedia: Jaroslav Peregrin
WikipediaIncludes: Jaroslav Peregrin, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Jaroslav Peregrin, Infobox: main_interests
Epistemology, logic, mind, mathematics, language
View the Source Juan José Sebreli (Wikipedia)
Includes: Juan José Sebreli, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Juan José Sebreli, Infobox: main_interests
epistemology existentialism literary criticism sociology
View the Source Wikipedia: Hamid Vahid-Dastjerdi
WikipediaIncludes: Hamid Vahid-Dastjerdi, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Hamid Vahid-Dastjerdi, Infobox: main_interests
epistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophical logic
View the Source Wikipedia: Bill Brewer
WikipediaIncludes: Bill Brewer, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Bill Brewer, Infobox: main_interests
philosophy of mind, metaphysics, epistemology
View the Source José Zalabardo (Wikipedia)
Includes: José Zalabardo, LeadQuote, Includes: José Zalabardo, Lead
José Zalabardo (born 1964) is a Spanish-British philosopher who works on epistemology, metaphysics, and related areas.
View the Source Didier Kaphagawani (Wikipedia)
Includes: Didier Kaphagawani, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Didier Kaphagawani, Infobox: main_interests
Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics
View the Source Wikipedia: Letitia Meynell
WikipediaIncludes: Letitia Meynell, LeadQuote, Includes: Letitia Meynell, Lead
Her work concerns philosophy of science, epistemology, feminist philosophy, and human/animal relationships.
View the Source Wikipedia: Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i
Includes: Allameh Tabatabai, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Allameh Tabatabai, Infobox: main_interests
Epistemology, hadith studies, Islamic metaphysics, mysticism, ontology, tafsir, Quranic exegesis
View the Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Ralph Waldo Emerson
Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Ralph Waldo Emerson, AbstractQuote, Includes: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Abstract
Neoplatonism, Kantianism, and Hinduism, Emerson developed a metaphysics of process, an epistemology of moods, and an “existentialist” ethics of self-improvement.
View the Source Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Ayn Rand
Internet Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Ayn Rand, AbstractQuote, Includes: Ayn Rand, Abstract
This philosophy is in the Aristotelian tradition, with that tradition’s emphasis upon metaphysical naturalism, empirical reason in epistemology, and self-realization in ethics.
View the Source Blaise Pascal (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Blaise Pascal, Page categories: French epistemologistsView the Source Karl Popper (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Karl Popper, Page categories: EpistemologistsView the Source Denis Diderot (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Denis Diderot, Page categories: French epistemologistsView the Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Richard Rorty
Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Richard Rorty, AbstractQuote, Includes: Richard Rorty, Abstract
ourselves from the governing metaphors of mind and knowledge in which the traditional problems of epistemology and metaphysics (and indeed, in Rorty’s view, the self-conception of modern philosophy) are rooted.
View the Source Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Kwasi Wiredu
Internet Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Kwasi Wiredu, AbstractQuote, Includes: Kwasi Wiredu, Abstract
Second, he intended to dislodge unnecessary Western epistemologies that are to be found in African philosophical practices.
View the Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi
Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi, AbstractQuote, Includes: Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi, Abstract
Suhrawardi provides an original Platonic critique of the dominant Avicennan Peripateticism of the time in the fields of logic, physics, epistemology, psychology, and metaphysics.
View the Source Heraclitus (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia (Wikimedia Foundation)Includes: Heraclitus, Page categories: Ancient Greek epistemologistsView the Source Voltaire (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Voltaire, Page categories: French epistemologistsView the Source Sextus Empiricus (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Sextus Empiricus, Page categories: Ancient Greek epistemologistsView the Source Baron d'Holbach (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Baron d'Holbach, Page categories: EpistemologistsView the Source Quassim Cassam, Wikipedia
Includes: Quassim Cassam, LeadQuote, Includes: Quassim Cassam, Lead
He writes on extremism, terrorism, self-knowledge, perception, epistemic vices and topics in Kantian epistemology.
View the Source Richard Bradley (Wikipedia)
Includes: Richard Bradley, LeadQuote, Includes: Richard Bradley, Lead
Bradley is best known for work on decision theory, formal epistemology, semantics, and climate change policy.
View the Source Sidi Mohamed Barkat (Wikipedia)
Includes: Sidi Mohamed Barkat, LeadQuote, Includes: Sidi Mohamed Barkat, Lead
After several years of employment by the university, where he was mainly occupied with questions of epistemology in the social sciences, Sidi Mohammed Barkat directed a research programme at the Collège international de philosophie
View the Source Foundationalism (Wikipedia)
Includes: Foundationalism, LeadQuote, Includes: Foundationalism, Lead
Foundationalism concerns philosophical theories of knowledge resting upon non-inferential justified belief, or some secure foundation of certainty such as a conclusion inferred from a basis of sound premises.
View the Source Munchhausen Trilemma (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Münchhausen Trilemma, LeadQuote, Includes: Münchhausen Trilemma, Lead
The Münchhausen trilemma (also known as Agrippa's trilemma) is an epistemological thought experiment intended to demonstrate the theoretical impossibility of proving any truth, even in the fields of logic and
View the Source Reliabilism (Wikipedia)
Includes: Reliabilism, LeadQuote, Includes: Reliabilism, Lead
Reliabilism, a category of theories in the philosophical discipline of epistemology, has been advanced as a theory both of justification and of knowledge.
View the Source New Riddle of Induction (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: New Riddle of Induction, LeadQuote, Includes: New Riddle of Induction, Lead
The new riddle of induction was presented by Nelson Goodman in Fact, Fiction, and Forecast as a successor to Hume's original problem.
View the Source Cartesian Circle (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Cartesian Circle, LeadQuote, Includes: Cartesian Circle, Lead
The Cartesian circle (also known as Arnauld's circle) is an example of fallacious circular reasoning attributed to French philosopher René Descartes.
View the Source Transcendental argument (Wikipedia)
Includes: Transcendental Argument, LeadQuote, Includes: Transcendental Argument, Lead
They are often anti-skeptical arguments referring to the conditions making experience or knowledge possible.
View the Source Wax Argument (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Wax Argument, LeadQuote, Includes: Wax Argument, Lead
He devised it to analyze what properties are essential for bodies, show how uncertain our knowledge of the world is compared to our knowledge of our minds, and argue for rationalism.
View the Source Peritrope (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Peritrope, LeadQuote, Includes: Peritrope, Lead
Peritrope (Greek: περιτροπή) is Socrates' argument against Protagoras' view of subjective truth, as presented in Plato's book known as Theaetetus (169-171e).
View the Source Postmodernism (Wikipedia)
Includes: Postmodernism, LeadQuote, Includes: Postmodernism, Lead
It emerged in the mid-20th century as a skeptical response to modernism, emphasizing the instability of meaning, rejection of universal truths, and critique of grand narratives.
View the Source Jitendra Nath Mohanty (Wikipedia)
Includes: J. N. Mohanty, Article textQuote, Includes: J. N. Mohanty, Article text
He wrote over twenty scholarly books and numerous journal articles on different areas of philosophy including epistemology, logic, and phenomenology.
View the Source Wikipedia: Nasir Khusraw
Includes: Nasir Khusraw, Article textQuote, Includes: Nasir Khusraw, Article text
The work discusses creation, questions about the soul, epistemology, and Ismaili Islamic doctrines.
View the Source Alvin Goldman (Wikipedia)
Includes: Alvin Goldman, Infobox: main_interestsQuote, Includes: Alvin Goldman, Infobox: main_interests
Epistemology, philosophy of action
View the Source Ásta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir (Wikipedia)
Includes: Ásta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir, LeadQuote, Includes: Ásta Kristjana Sveinsdóttir, Lead
Ásta is predominantly concerned with metaphysics, the philosophy of language, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics.
View the Source Wikipedia: Ward Jones
WikipediaIncludes: Ward Jones, LeadQuote, Includes: Ward Jones, Lead
Jones has published in the areas of epistemology, ethics, philosophy of mind, aesthetics, and metaphilosophy.
View the Source Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Ibn Kammuna
Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIncludes: Ibn Kammuna, Introduction, epistemologyQuote, Includes: Ibn Kammuna, Introduction, epistemology
At the very least, this shall afford us a glimpse at the way Ibn Kammūna handles a key notion of psychology, epistemology, and the theory of prophecy, in various literary formats.
View the Source Open Questions (3 open questions)
What Satisfies the Missing Condition for Knowledge?
Edmund Gettier's 1963 counterexamples showed that justified true belief, the classical tripartite analysis inherited from Plato's Theaetetus, is not sufficient for knowledge: there are cases of justified true belief that still fall short of knowing. Epistemologists have proposed many candidate fourth conditions since, but the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's own survey concludes that despite considerable attention, particularly in the late twentieth century, no analysis has been widely accepted.
What would resolve this A precise, counterexample-resistant fourth condition, or a replacement analysis of knowledge altogether, that a broad consensus of epistemologists converges on rather than one that continues to generate further counterexamples.
EpistemologyThe Analysis of Knowledge (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
What must be added to, or substituted for, justified true belief for a definition of knowledge that survives Gettier-style counterexamples?
Since Edmund Gettier's 1963 paper, proposed fourth conditions (a no-false-lemmas clause, causal theories, reliabilism, safety and sensitivity conditions, virtue epistemology) have each met their own counterexamples, and no replacement analysis commands consensus.
What would resolve this An analysis of knowledge that survives every known Gettier-style case without ruling out clear cases of ordinary knowledge would resolve it; some epistemologists instead argue the project of analyzing knowledge into more basic conditions should be abandoned.
EpistemologyStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Must what justifies a belief be accessible from within the believer's own perspective, or can a reliable process the believer is unaware of confer justification?
Internalists argue that a justification a thinker cannot access from the inside cannot be doing any justifying work for that thinker; externalists reply that small children and animals plainly have justified perceptual beliefs despite being unable to reflect on their own reliability. Neither side has produced a case the other accepts as decisive.
What would resolve this A shared account of what justification is FOR, whether it is about the thinker's own responsible believing or about tracking truth, would settle which condition is required; the two camps currently start from different accounts of that point.
EpistemologyStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Dissenting Readings (2 dissenting readings)
Key Debate
Williamson rejects the entire project of analyzing knowledge into justified true belief plus a further condition: on his knowledge-first view, knowledge is itself the most basic mental state, not a compound built from belief, truth and justification, so Gettier cases show only that the analytic project was misconceived from the start, not that it merely needs a fourth condition.
A dissenting reading, from Timothy WilliamsonStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, Center for the Study of Language and Information
Key Debate
Goldman argues that reliabilism, an externalist theory on which a belief is justified when produced by a process that reliably yields true beliefs, better matches ordinary judgments about knowledge than internalism does: a subject with no access at all to why their perception is reliable, a small child, for instance, is still credited with justified perceptual beliefs, which internalism's access requirement cannot easily accommodate.
A dissenting reading, from Alvin GoldmanStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, Center for the Study of Language and Information
Reader Challenges (0)
No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.
Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.