Islamic Philosophy

Islamic philosophy is the body of philosophical thought that emerges from the Islamic tradition. Two terms traditionally used in the Islamic world are sometimes translated as philosophy: falsafa, which covers philosophy together with logic, mathematics and physics, and kalam, a rationalist form of scholastic theology that includes the schools of Ash'arism, Maturidism and Mu'tazilism. Early Islamic philosophy began with al-Kindi in the early ninth century CE and declined in the western Islamic world after Ibn Rushd, known in Latin as Averroes, in the late twelfth century, broadly coinciding with the Islamic Golden Age, while philosophical activity persisted much longer in the east, notably in Safavid Iran. Philosophers recorded in this atlas are grouped here when their work belongs to the Islamic philosophical tradition taken as a whole.